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Snow
Snow refers to forms of ice crystals that precipitate from the atmosphere (usually from clouds) and undergo changes on the Earth's surface. Snow cover on the ground plays a... -
Ozone
Ozone (O3) is a naturally occurring trace gas in the stratosphere that inhibits harmful UV radiation from reaching Earth’s surface. Ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant,... -
Surface Precipitation
ECV Precipitation, either liquid or solid, is the most important climate variable directly affecting humans. -
Precursors for Aerosols and Ozone
Precursor species lead to the production of aerosols and ozone. Precursors include nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO).... -
River Discharge
River-discharge measurements have essential direct applications for water management and related services, including flood protection. They are needed in the longer term to help... -
Glaciers
Glacier changes provide independent and reliable evidence of climate change. Past, current and future glacier changes impact global sea level, the regional water cycle, and may... -
Sea Ice
Sea ice variability is a key indicator of climate variability and change in the polar regions. The primary parameters that define the state of sea ice include: concentration,... -
Surface Radiation Budget
The Surface Radiation Budget is a fundamental component of the surface energy budget that is crucial to nearly all aspects of climate, and needs to be monitored systematically. -
Aerosol Optical Imagery Services from NASA GIBS
GIBS Available Imagery Products , last modified by on The GIBS imagery archive includes approximately 1000 imagery products representing visualized science data from the NASA... -
Ocean Surface Heat Flux
Surface heat flux is exchange of heat, per unit area, crossing the surface between the ocean and the atmosphere. It consists of the turbulent and the radiative components. These... -
Aerosols (Atmosphere - Atmospheric Composition)
Atmospheric aerosols are minor constituents of the atmosphere by mass, but a critical component in terms of impacts on the climate and especially climate changes. Aerosols... -
Carbon Dioxide, Methane & Other Greenhouse Gases (Atmosphere - Atmospheric Co...
The atmospheric abundance of carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant human-produced greenhouse gas, has increased by about 50% since pre-industrial times due to the proliferation of... -
Upper-Air Water Vapour
Water vapour is the predominant gaseous source of infrared opacity in the atmosphere, accounting for about 60% of the natural greenhouse effect for clear skies. Water vapour... -
Evaporation from Land
Terrestrial evaporation is an important process in the global water cycle. It acts like an air conditioner for the surface, as it absorbs radiation (latent heat) that otherwise... -
Upper-Air Wind Speed and Direction
Wind is one of the fundamental state variables for understanding and predicting the behaviour of the atmosphere. It is basic to the working of the climate system through... -
GroundWater
It is estimated that groundwater accounts for about 30% of the world’s total freshwater resources, and it is by far the largest available reservoir of liquid freshwater.... -
Subsurface Temperature
Subsurface temperature is a fundamental variable that is required to monitor variability and change in the physical environment of the ocean, energy flows, climate patterns and... -
Lakes
Information on changes in lake level and area is required on a monthly basis for climate assessment purposes. Approximately 95% of the volume of water held globally in... -
Surface Water Vapour
The humidity of air near the surface of the Earth affects the comfort and health of humans, livestock and wildlife, the swarming behaviour of insects and the occurrence of plant... -
Sea Level
Sea Level is one of the primary indicators of global climate change. Change in the global mean sea level provides a measure of the net change in ocean mass due to melting of...
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