This unpublished report proposed long-term management strategies to enhance waterfowl recruitment on the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge (Refuge). Since 1981, studies by R. Nicklaus and J. Wetzel of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) and R.B. Dahlgren of the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) have revealed a potential for high levels of waterfowl nesting and success on predator-free islands in the Refuge. The Refuge has identified the following needs; (1) validate waterfowl nesting responses on islands where mammalian predators have been removed, (2) determine costs and evaluate effectiveness of selected lethal or nonlethal removal techniques, (3) determine which islands should be selected for predator control, and where new islands could be constructed, and (4) determine the nature by which raccoons reoccupy islands from which they have been removed.